Western Blot Protocol - Immunoblotting or Western Blot (2025)

Western Blotting refers to the electrophoretic transfer of proteins from sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels to sheets of PVDF or nitrocellullose membrane, followed by immunodetection of proteins using antibodies with fluorescent or chemiluminescent detection.

Western Blotting Workflow Steps

1. Sample Preparation: Cell Lysis and Protein Extraction
2. SDS-PAGE Gel Electrophoresis
3. Membrane Transfer
   a)Tank Transfer
   b)Semi-dry Transfer
4. Immunodetection
   a)Traditional Immunodetection
   b)30-minute Immunodetection Protocol using the SNAP i.d.®System
   
5. Troubleshooting Guide

Membrane Transfer (Tank Transfer)Protocol

Materials

• Blotting paper
• Transfer membrane (for example,Immobilon^®PVDF Membranes)
• Transfer buffer
• Methanol, Ethanol or Isopropanol
• Tank transfer system (for example,SB10 omniPAGE mini electroblotting system)
• Power supply
  

Setup

1. Prepare sufficient transfer buffer to fill the transfer tank, plus an additional 200 mL to equilibrate the gel and membrane, and wet the filter paper.
   
2. Remove the gel from its cassette; trim away any stacking gel and wells.
   
3. Immerse the gel in transfer buffer for 10 to 30 minutes.
   
4. Soak filter papers in transfer buffer for at least 30 seconds .
   
5. Prepare the membrane:

   a. If using PVDF membrane, wet the membrane in methanol for 15 seconds. Membrane should uniformly
   change from opaque to semi-transparent.
   b. Carefully place the membrane in Milli-Q^®water and soak for 2 minutes.
   c. Carefully place the membrane in transfer buffer and let equilibrate for at least 5 minutes.

Transfer Stack Assembly

1. Open the cassette holder.

   Important: To ensure an even transfer, remove air bubbles between layers by aBlot Rolleror carefully rolling a pipette or a stirring rod over the surface of each layer in the stack. Do not apply excessive pressure to prevent damaging the membrane and gel.

2. Place a foam (fiber) pad on one side of the cassette.
   
3. Place one sheet of filter paper on top of the pad.
   
4. Place the gel on top of the filter paper.
   
5. Place the membrane on top of the gel.
   
6. Place a second sheet of filter paper on top of the stack.
   
7. Place second foam pad on top of the filter paper.
   
8. Close the cassette holder.

Method for Protein Transfer (Tank Transfer)

1. Place the cassette holder in the transfer tank so that the gel side of the cassette holder is facing the cathode (–) and the membrane side is facing the anode (+).
   
2. Add adequate buffer into the tank to cover the cassette holder.
   
3. Insert the black cathode lead (–) into the cathode jack and the red anode lead (+) into the anode jack on the transfer unit.
   
4. Connect the anode lead and cathode lead to their corresponding power outputs.
   
5. If available, set up the cooling unit on the tank transfer unit according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
   
6. Turn on the system for 1 to 2 hours at 6 to 8 V/cm inter-electrode distance. Follow the tank manufacturer’s guidelines, for optimization details.
   
7. After the transfer is complete, remove the cassette holder from the tank.
   
8. Usingforceps, carefully disassemble the transfer stack.
   

Tips for Successful Western Blotting Transfer

• In both types of transfer systems (tank and semi-dry), extra caution should be taken to prevent introduction of air bubbles anywhere between the filter paper, gel or membrane.
• Transfer proteins at constant current. If transferring at constant voltage, monitor current to make sure it doesn’t exceed 0.4 amp. Start from 100 V and reduce voltage if current is too high
  
• Thicker gels or larger proteins may require longer transfer times or increased field strength. The actual transfer conditions should be optimized for each system.
• Both sides of Immobilon®transfer membranes work equally well. The appearance of either side (shiny or dull) has no effect on the transfer and detection efficiency of the membrane.
• For samples containing small peptides, equilibration of the gel in transfer buffer should be limited to less than 10 minutes.
• UseImmobilon®PSQfor maximum retention when a protein of interest is 20 kDa or less.
• UseImmobilon®-FLtransfer membrane for fluorescent detection methods.
• Gels can be transferred individually or multiple gels can be transferred in a single stack.

Semi-dry Membrane Transfer Protocol

Materials

• Blotting paper
• Transfer membrane (for example,Immobilon^®PVDF Membranes)
• Anode buffer I: 0.3 M Tris, pH 10.4, 10% (v/v) methanol.
• Anode buffer II: 25 mM Tris, pH 10.4, 10% (v/v) methanol.
• Cathode buffer: 25 mM Tris, 40 mM 6-amino-n-caproic acid (glycine may be substituted), 10% (v/v) methanol, pH 9.4.
• Semi-dry blotter(for example, Product No.B2529)
• Power supply

Setup

1. Prepare 200 mL of each anode buffer and 400 mL of cathode buffer.
   
2. Remove the gel from its cassette; trim away any stacking gel.
   
3. Immerse the gel in 200 mL of cathode buffer for 15 minutes.
   
4. Soak two pieces of filter paper in anode buffer I for at least 30 seconds.
   
5. Soak one piece of filter paper in anode buffer II for at least 30 seconds.
   
6. Soak three pieces of filter paper in cathode buffer for at least 30 seconds.
   
7. Prepare the membrane:
   a. Wet the membrane in methanol for 15 seconds. The membrane should uniformly change from opaque to semitransparent.
   b. Carefully place the membrane in Milli-Q^®water and soak for 2 minutes.
   c. Carefully place the membrane in anode buffer II and let equilibrate for at least 5 minutes.

For single transfers:

1. Place the anode electrode plate on a level bench top.
   
2. Place two pieces of filter paper soaked in anode buffer I in the center of the plate.
   
3. Place the filter paper soaked in anode buffer II on top of the first two sheets.
   
4. Place the membrane on top of the filter papers.
   
5. Place the gel on top of the membrane.
   
6. Place the three pieces of filter paper soaked in cathode buffer on top of the membrane.
   
7. Place the cathode electrode plate on top of the stack.

For multiple transfers:

1. Place the anode electrode plate on a level bench top.
   
2. Place two pieces of filter paper soaked in anode buffer I in the center of the plate.
   
3. Place the filter paper soaked in anode buffer II on top of the first two sheets.
   
4. Place the membrane on top of the filter papers.
   
5. Place the gel on top of the membrane.
   For the last gel, go to step 10.
   
6. Place a piece of filter paper soaked in cathode buffer on top of the gel.
   
7. Place a piece of dialysis membrane on top of the filter paper.
   
8. Place a piece of filter paper soaked in anode buffer II on top of the dialysis membrane.
   
9. Repeat steps 4 through 8 until all gels (up to the maximum for the unit) have been incorporated into the stack.
   
10. Place three pieces of filter paper soaked in cathode buffer on top of the last gel.
    
11. Place the cathode electrode plate on top of the stack.

    IMPORTANT: Do not bump the cathode plate cover during the run since it could disturb the alignment of the transfer stack and cause inaccurate results.

Method for Protein Transfer (Semi-dry)

1. Insert the black cathode lead (–) into the cathode plate jack.
   
2. Insert the red anode lead (+) into the anode plate jack.
   
3. Connect the anode lead and cathode lead to their corresponding power supply outputs.
   
4. Turn on the power supply.
   
5. Set the current and let it run for the time indicated in the following chart:

*The surface area (cm²) is calculated from the dimensions of the footprint of the stack on the anode plate. This value is independent of the number of gels in the stack.

Traditional Immunodetection

Materials

• Primary and Secondary Antibodies
• Orbital shaker* (Product No.Z768499)
• Troughs 2-3 mm depth, slightly larger than the size of your blot
• Detection substrates (for use with peroxidase- or phosphatase-antibody conjugates)
  -Chemiluminescence substrates
  -Chromogenic substrates

*Shaker and Troughs only required for traditional immunodetection; for rapid, vacuum-driven immunodetection using the
SNAP i.d.^®system, refer to theSNAP i.d.®immunodetection protocol.

Antibody Incubations

1. Place the blot in the blocking solution and incubate with agitation for 1 hour.
   
2. Place the blot in the primary antibody solution, for exampleMonoclonal Anti-Beta-Actin Antibodyand incubate with agitation for 1 hour. The solution should move freely across the surface of the membrane.
   
3. Place the blot in PBS and wash for 10 minutes. Repeat twice with fresh buffer.
   
4. Place the blot in thesecondary antibody solutionand incubate with agitation for 1 hour at RT or 37 °C.
   
5. Place the blot in PBS and wash for 10 minutes. Repeat twice with fresh buffer.
   
6. Proceed with chromogenic, chemiluminescent, or fluorescent detection. Also view related resources for protein detection:
   Chromogenic and Chemiluminescent Detection of Proteins
   Immunodetection Using BCIP/NBT Substrate

Chemiluminescent Detection

Follow manufacturer’s instructions.

1. Prepare the substrate according to manufacturer’s instructions.
   
2. Place the blot in a container and add substrate to completely cover the membrane.
   Incubate for 1 minute.
   
3. Drain excess substrate.
   
4. Place the blot on a clean piece of glass and wrap in plastic wrap.
   Note: A cut-to-size sheet protector or a freezer bag can also be used.
   
5. Gently smooth out any air bubbles.
   
6. In a dark room, place the wrapped membrane in a film cassette.
   
7. Place a sheet of autoradiography film on top and close the cassette.
   
8. Expose film. Multiple exposures of 15 seconds to 30 minutes should be done to determine the optimum exposure time; 1 to 5 minutes is common.

Fluorescent Detection

Required Equipment

• Proteins blotted ontoImmobilon^®-FL transfer membraneand probed with antibodies.
  
• Mylar^®wrap.
  
• Fluorescent imaging equipment.

The following is a general protocol for fluorescent immunodetection. For optimal results, refer to manufacturer’s protocol provided with the reagents.

Note: If using chemifluorescent reagents, follow reagent manufacturer’s directions.

1. Place the blot in diluted fluorescent dye-labeled secondary antibody solution and incubate for 1 hour with gentle agitation.
   
2. Wash the blot with wash buffer 3–5 times for 5 minutes each.
   
3. Place the blot onto a piece of clean filter paper to dry.
   
4. If using a wrap, use Mylar^®. Do not use Saran™ wrap because it permits light to shine through and quench fluorescence.
   
5. Image the blot using an appropriate fluorescence scanner.